@article{2dc08f0f67af4adf85eb9bb188788712,
title = "The lower trapezius musculocutaneous flap for head and neck reconstruction: Two decades of clinical experience",
abstract = "BACKGROUND: Microsurgical free flap has gained the popularity over pedicle flap nowadays in the reconstruction of head and neck. However, pedicled flaps remain a promising alternative and have a remarkable position in selected patients. This review study aimed to determine the reliability and versatility of the lower trapezius musculocutaneous flap for reconstructing complex defects in the head and neck. METHODS: Between 1993 and 2012, 22 male and 10 female patients underwent a total of 32 lower trapezius flap reconstructions for complex defects that included neoplasm extirpation (n = 21), radionecrosis (n = 6), dehisced laminectomy (n = 2), pressure sore (n = 2), and necrotizing fasciitis (n = 1). The most common site of defect was the perioral region, followed by the neck, posterior skull, back, temporal region, shoulder, and the upper arm. Flap design was based on the defect size and location, as well as the ability to close the donor site primarily and to preserve muscle function. Outcome has been evaluated by the hospital course, postoperative morbidity, mortality, resultant cosmetics, and function at donor and recipient sites. RESULTS: Stable wound coverage with total flap survival was achieved in 30 (93.75%) patients, 2 patients had partial flap necrosis which required flap reinsertion and skin graft coverage. All donor sites were closed primarily. Seroma developed in 2 (6.25%) patients, which were solved by needle aspiration. All muscle function was preserved. Eight patients died of their primary disease. CONCLUSIONS: For selected patients who have advanced stage cancer, surgical sequelae after free flap surgery, unable to tolerate microsurgery, or special defect location, pedicled lower trapezius musculocutaneous flap provides efficient and effective reconstruction for complex defects especially in the head and neck. Copyright {\textcopyright} 2013 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.",
keywords = "laminectomy, pressure sore, radionecrosis, squamous cell carcinoma, trapezius musculocutaneous flap, adult, aged, article, auditory canal, back muscle, case report, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, ear tumor, female, head and neck tumor, human, male, methodology, middle aged, neck dissection, plastic surgery, retrospective study, skin tumor, surgical flaps, tonsil tumor, very elderly, wound healing, young adult, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, Dermatofibrosarcoma, Ear Canal, Ear Neoplasms, Female, Head and Neck Neoplasms, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neck Dissection, Reconstructive Surgical Procedures, Retrospective Studies, Skin Neoplasms, Superficial Back Muscles, Surgical Flaps, Tonsillar Neoplasms, Wound Healing, Young Adult",
author = "Kuang-Ling Ou and Yang-Hong Dai and Hsian-Jenn Wang and Tim-Mo Chen and Niann-Tzyy Dai and Shun-Cheng Chang and Shou-Cheng Deng and Yuan-Sheng Tzeng and Chih-Hsin Wang and Shyi-Gen Chen",
note = "被引用次數:3 Export Date: 21 March 2016 CODEN: APCSD 通訊地址: Chen, S.-G.; Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Sec. 2, Cheng-Kung Rd, Nei-Hu 114, Taipei, Taiwan; 電子郵件: shyigen@gmail.com 參考文獻: Mathes, S.J., Stevenson, T.R., Reconstruction of posterior neck and skull with vertical trapezius musculocutaneous flap (1988) Am J Surg., 156, pp. 248-251; Yoon, S.K., Song, S.H., Kang, N., Reconstruction of the head and neck region using lower trapezius musculocutaneous flaps (2012) Arch Plast Surg., 39, pp. 626-630; Ensat, F., Schubert, H., Hladik, M., Soft tissue reconstruction in the extremities and the head and neck area using the anterolateral thigh free flap (2013) Oper Orthop Traumatol., 25, pp. 176-184; Fakhry, N., Chamorey, E., Michel, J., Salvage circular laryngopharyngectomy and radial forearm free flap for recurrent hypopharyngeal cancer (2013) Laryngoscope., 123, pp. 910-915; Baker, S.R., Microvascular free flaps in soft-Tissue augmentation of the head and neck (1986) Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg., 112, pp. 733-737; Ariyan, S., The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap A versatile flap for reconstruction in the head and neck (1979) Plast Reconstr Surg., 63, pp. 73-81; El-Marakby, H.H., The reliability of pectoralis major myocutaneous flap in head and neck reconstruction (2006) J Egypt Natl Cancer Inst., 18, pp. 41-50; Netterville, J.L., Wood, D.E., The lower trapezius flap Vascular anatomy and surgical technique (1991) Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg., 117, pp. 73-76; Chandrasekhar, B., Terz, J.J., Kokal, W.A., The inferior trapezius musculocutaneous flap in head and neck reconstruction (1988) Ann Plast Surg., 21, pp. 201-209; Cummings, C.W., Eisele, D.W., Coltrera, M.D., Lower trapezius myocutaneous island flap (1989) Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg., 115, pp. 1181-1185; Baek, S.M., Biller, H.F., Krespi, Y.P., The lower trapezius island myocutaneous flap (1980) Ann Plast Surg., 5, pp. 108-114; Zachrisson, B.U., JCO/interviews dr bjorn u zachrisson on iatrogenic damage in orthodontic treatment (part 2) interview by sidney brandt (1978) J Clin Orthod., 12, pp. 208-220; Seyfer, A.E., The lower trapezius flap for recalcitrant wounds of the posterior skull and spine (1988) Ann Plast Surg., 20, pp. 414-418; Netterville, J.L., Panje, W.R., Maves, M.D., The trapezius myocutaneous flap Dependability and limitations (1987) Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg., 113, pp. 271-281; Urken, M.L., Naidu, R.K., Lawson, W., The lower trapezius island musculocutaneous flap revisited. 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year = "2013",
doi = "10.1097/SAP.0000000000000036",
language = "English",
volume = "71",
pages = "S48--S54",
journal = "Annals of Plastic Surgery",
issn = "0148-7043",
publisher = "Lippincott Williams and Wilkins",
number = "SUPPL.1",
}