Percutaneous nephrolithotomy increases the risk of diabetes: A 5-year follow-up study

Objective: To examine the risk of diabetes mellitus within a 5-year period among patients with nephrolithiasis undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Methods: A total of 304 patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy were included in the study cohort. A total of 3040 patients with nephrolithiasis who did not undergo percutaneous nephrolithotomy were used as a comparison cohort. All participants included in the present study were individually tracked for a 5-year period in order to identify those who developed diabetes mellitus during this timeframe. Results: The incidence rate of diabetes mellitus was 3.03 per 100 person-years in participants who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy and 1.65 per 100 person-years in participants who did not undergo percutaneous nephrolithotomy. After adjusting for the participants' monthly income, geographic location, urbanization level, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and alcohol abuse/alcohol dependence syndrome, the hazard ratio of receiving a first diagnosis of diabetes mellitus during the 5-year follow-up period was 1.96 (95% confidence interval 1.40-2.77) for participants who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Furthermore, compared with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy or endoscopic intervention, participants who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy had a significantly increased hazard of developing diabetes mellitus (adjusted hazard ratio 1.79 for a percutaneous nephrolithotomy vs extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, and adjusted hazard ratio 1.71 for a percutaneous nephrolithotomy vs an endoscopic intervention). Conclusions: The present results suggest an association between patients with nephrolithiasis who undergo a percutaneous nephrolithotomy and a subsequent diabetes mellitus diagnosis.