Micronutrients and lifestyles in Taiwanese patients with stage 3 to 5 chronic kidney disease

Objective: Lycopene is an antioxidant that reduces oxidative stress. Analgesics are commonly used and may impair kidney function. However, the associations among plasma lycopene, analgesic use, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are unknown. A hospital-based, case-control study was conducted to determine the association among plasma lycopene, analgesic use, and CKD. Methods: Two hundred one patients with CKD and 313 controls were recruited, and CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate 2, as calculated by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula. Plasma antioxidants were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: This study showed that the higher the plasma lycopene was, the lower the CKD risk. Specifically, in subjects with a plasma lycopene level ≥17.97 or 7.72-17.97 μg/dL, the adjusted odds ratio of CKD was 0.32 (95% confidence interval 0.18-0.58) or 0.49 (95% confidence interval 0.29-0.83), respectively, compared with subjects with a plasma lycopene level