TY - JOUR
T1 - Higher serum potassium level associated with late stage chronic kidney disease
AU - Hsieh, Ming Fang
AU - Wu, I. Wen
AU - Lee, Chin Chan
AU - Wang, Shun Yin
AU - Wu, Mai-Szu
N1 - Copyright:
Copyright 2012 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2011
Y1 - 2011
N2 - Background: The serum potassium (K +) level is kept in a narrow range to sustain normal physiology within the human body by the kidneys. The serum K + level in different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains undefined. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study to observe the serum K + level in patients without clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia in the late stages of CKD (stages 3-5). A total of 531 patients with late stage CKD were included and followed up for at least 1 year, from March 2006 to May 2007. The patients were sub-grouped by stages of CKD, which were determined by a "Modification of Diet in Renal Disease" equation estimating the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The serum creatinine, eGFR and K + levels were recorded at least twice during the study. We analyzed the average K + level in these late-stage CKD patients. Results: The average K + level increased along with renal function deterioration in the late stages of CKD (stage 3: 4.36 ± 0.49; stage 4: 4.50 ± 0.55; stage 5: 4.69 ± 0.73 mEq/L, p <0.05). Men and patients with diabetes mellitus, a low eGFR, and a low hemoglobin might have higher levels of serum K +. We also noticed that there was a linear increase in the standard deviation of the serum K + level as renal function deteriorated. The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers was not associated with hyperkalemia in our patients. Conclusion: Our results reflected that the serum K + level increased in correlation with the decline in the eGFR in the late stages of CKD. Also, male gender, diabetes mellitus, and anemia might be risk factors for higher K + levels in CKD patients. The variation in the serum K + level became wider as renal failure progressed.
AB - Background: The serum potassium (K +) level is kept in a narrow range to sustain normal physiology within the human body by the kidneys. The serum K + level in different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains undefined. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study to observe the serum K + level in patients without clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia in the late stages of CKD (stages 3-5). A total of 531 patients with late stage CKD were included and followed up for at least 1 year, from March 2006 to May 2007. The patients were sub-grouped by stages of CKD, which were determined by a "Modification of Diet in Renal Disease" equation estimating the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The serum creatinine, eGFR and K + levels were recorded at least twice during the study. We analyzed the average K + level in these late-stage CKD patients. Results: The average K + level increased along with renal function deterioration in the late stages of CKD (stage 3: 4.36 ± 0.49; stage 4: 4.50 ± 0.55; stage 5: 4.69 ± 0.73 mEq/L, p <0.05). Men and patients with diabetes mellitus, a low eGFR, and a low hemoglobin might have higher levels of serum K +. We also noticed that there was a linear increase in the standard deviation of the serum K + level as renal function deteriorated. The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers was not associated with hyperkalemia in our patients. Conclusion: Our results reflected that the serum K + level increased in correlation with the decline in the eGFR in the late stages of CKD. Also, male gender, diabetes mellitus, and anemia might be risk factors for higher K + levels in CKD patients. The variation in the serum K + level became wider as renal failure progressed.
KW - Chronic kidney disease
KW - Hyperkalemia
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=80052652995&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=80052652995&partnerID=8YFLogxK
M3 - Article
C2 - 21880197
AN - SCOPUS:80052652995
VL - 34
SP - 418
EP - 425
JO - Chang Gung Medical Journal
JF - Chang Gung Medical Journal
SN - 0255-8270
IS - 4
ER -