Abstract
Background: The serum potassium (K +) level is kept in a narrow range to sustain normal physiology within the human body by the kidneys. The serum K + level in different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains undefined. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study to observe the serum K + level in patients without clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia in the late stages of CKD (stages 3-5). A total of 531 patients with late stage CKD were included and followed up for at least 1 year, from March 2006 to May 2007. The patients were sub-grouped by stages of CKD, which were determined by a "Modification of Diet in Renal Disease" equation estimating the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The serum creatinine, eGFR and K + levels were recorded at least twice during the study. We analyzed the average K + level in these late-stage CKD patients. Results: The average K + level increased along with renal function deterioration in the late stages of CKD (stage 3: 4.36 ± 0.49; stage 4: 4.50 ± 0.55; stage 5: 4.69 ± 0.73 mEq/L, p <0.05). Men and patients with diabetes mellitus, a low eGFR, and a low hemoglobin might have higher levels of serum K +. We also noticed that there was a linear increase in the standard deviation of the serum K + level as renal function deteriorated. The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers was not associated with hyperkalemia in our patients. Conclusion: Our results reflected that the serum K + level increased in correlation with the decline in the eGFR in the late stages of CKD. Also, male gender, diabetes mellitus, and anemia might be risk factors for higher K + levels in CKD patients. The variation in the serum K + level became wider as renal failure progressed.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 418-425 |
| Number of pages | 8 |
| Journal | Chang Gung Medical Journal |
| Volume | 34 |
| Issue number | 4 |
| Publication status | Published - 2011 |
| Externally published | Yes |
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Keywords
- Chronic kidney disease
- Hyperkalemia
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Medicine(all)
Cite this
Higher serum potassium level associated with late stage chronic kidney disease. / Hsieh, Ming Fang; Wu, I. Wen; Lee, Chin Chan; Wang, Shun Yin; Wu, Mai-Szu.
In: Chang Gung Medical Journal, Vol. 34, No. 4, 2011, p. 418-425.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Higher serum potassium level associated with late stage chronic kidney disease
AU - Hsieh, Ming Fang
AU - Wu, I. Wen
AU - Lee, Chin Chan
AU - Wang, Shun Yin
AU - Wu, Mai-Szu
PY - 2011
Y1 - 2011
N2 - Background: The serum potassium (K +) level is kept in a narrow range to sustain normal physiology within the human body by the kidneys. The serum K + level in different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains undefined. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study to observe the serum K + level in patients without clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia in the late stages of CKD (stages 3-5). A total of 531 patients with late stage CKD were included and followed up for at least 1 year, from March 2006 to May 2007. The patients were sub-grouped by stages of CKD, which were determined by a "Modification of Diet in Renal Disease" equation estimating the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The serum creatinine, eGFR and K + levels were recorded at least twice during the study. We analyzed the average K + level in these late-stage CKD patients. Results: The average K + level increased along with renal function deterioration in the late stages of CKD (stage 3: 4.36 ± 0.49; stage 4: 4.50 ± 0.55; stage 5: 4.69 ± 0.73 mEq/L, p <0.05). Men and patients with diabetes mellitus, a low eGFR, and a low hemoglobin might have higher levels of serum K +. We also noticed that there was a linear increase in the standard deviation of the serum K + level as renal function deteriorated. The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers was not associated with hyperkalemia in our patients. Conclusion: Our results reflected that the serum K + level increased in correlation with the decline in the eGFR in the late stages of CKD. Also, male gender, diabetes mellitus, and anemia might be risk factors for higher K + levels in CKD patients. The variation in the serum K + level became wider as renal failure progressed.
AB - Background: The serum potassium (K +) level is kept in a narrow range to sustain normal physiology within the human body by the kidneys. The serum K + level in different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains undefined. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study to observe the serum K + level in patients without clinical manifestations of hyperkalemia in the late stages of CKD (stages 3-5). A total of 531 patients with late stage CKD were included and followed up for at least 1 year, from March 2006 to May 2007. The patients were sub-grouped by stages of CKD, which were determined by a "Modification of Diet in Renal Disease" equation estimating the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The serum creatinine, eGFR and K + levels were recorded at least twice during the study. We analyzed the average K + level in these late-stage CKD patients. Results: The average K + level increased along with renal function deterioration in the late stages of CKD (stage 3: 4.36 ± 0.49; stage 4: 4.50 ± 0.55; stage 5: 4.69 ± 0.73 mEq/L, p <0.05). Men and patients with diabetes mellitus, a low eGFR, and a low hemoglobin might have higher levels of serum K +. We also noticed that there was a linear increase in the standard deviation of the serum K + level as renal function deteriorated. The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers was not associated with hyperkalemia in our patients. Conclusion: Our results reflected that the serum K + level increased in correlation with the decline in the eGFR in the late stages of CKD. Also, male gender, diabetes mellitus, and anemia might be risk factors for higher K + levels in CKD patients. The variation in the serum K + level became wider as renal failure progressed.
KW - Chronic kidney disease
KW - Hyperkalemia
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=80052652995&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=80052652995&partnerID=8YFLogxK
M3 - Article
C2 - 21880197
AN - SCOPUS:80052652995
VL - 34
SP - 418
EP - 425
JO - Chang Gung Medical Journal
JF - Chang Gung Medical Journal
SN - 0255-8270
IS - 4
ER -